By Eric Rempala June 4th, 2024- To be sure the DNR has been quite busy addressing PFAS across the state. When they last met with Oneida County residents (See our May 2nd post) they were unable to address all of OCCWA's and residents pre-submitted questions. To that point the DNR has most graciously answered those questions and provided answers by email, which we share with you below. Reviewing these questions, we hope, will give a much more complete picture of where the PFAS issue in Stella stands.
Once again, we have to compliment the DNR for their timely and professional response.
1) Has there been any determination on which biosolid is most likely for the contamination, municipal wastewater treatment plant or Industrial?
No, not at this time. The DNR has not determined the source(s) of the contamination.
2) Are there any plans of testing soil in the Stella area?
The DNR is currently working on a plan to collect limited soil samples from fields in the Stella area where land spreading occurred, as well as deeper soil samples to assist in understanding the migration of PFAS. This work will be conducted under an EPA Site Inspection plan which gathers information for the EPA Superfund scoring process. The sampling will take place in late summer or the fall of 2024.
3) Any thoughts on soil remediation, such as soil replacement or phytoremediation?
It is too early in the process to determine a remedy for soil contamination. The degree and extent of soil contamination needs to be assessed prior to determining a remedial action approach for soil.
4) Is there any consideration for providing a one source community well?
A community drinking water system sourced by its own groundwater source(s) or connected to an existing community water system could be a potential solution. The feasibility of this as an option would depend on a variety of factors such as engineering viability, cost, and public will. For this option to be viable, a municipal entity would be the primary entity to propose, construct and manage ongoing operation, maintenance, and overall future fiscal responsibility. Currently the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law can provide some funding for the potential development of community water system in rural PFAS impacted areas.
Since Stella already has exceptionally high PFAS levels, is there any consideration to banning biosolid spreading that has any PFAS content?
5) No, not at this time. There are no current federal or state standards regulating PFAS concentrations in biosolids or industrial sludge. The department has developed an Interim strategy for land application of biosolids and industrial sludges containing PFAS PFAS_BiosolidsInterimStrategy.pdf (wisconsin.gov) to assist facilities in making decisions on handling biosolids and industrial sludge.
6) Does the DNR have the pre-1996 paper records of certified spreading in Oneida County?
No, the department does not have these records.
7) Is there any plan to offer free well testing to areas that may be suspected due to biosolid spreading records evaluation?
The DNR continues to seek and request additional resources to potentially expand PFAS sampling for those who may be impacted. The DNR submitted a 13.10 request to the State Legislature’s Joint Finance Committee that would allow the DNR to access the $125 million PFAS Trust Fund. If granted access, the DNR would distribute funding to counties and local communities to support sampling efforts in impacted and potentially impacted communities across Wisconsin.
8) Can surface water testing be effective in identifying hot spots in county if there is a lack of volunteered well testing options?
Surface water testing can sometimes be used to identify potential areas of contamination, but not always. Typically, surface water testing is combined with other lines of evidence (groundwater sampling, soil sampling and historical land use information) to identify areas or potential areas of contamination. Generally, groundwater flows into surface water, so if results from a lake surface water test come back high, that could be indicative of a hot spot. A low result from the lake surface water test, however, would not necessarily mean wells in the area are safe. Groundwater flow paths due to varying geology can be complicated, and it should not be assumed groundwater flows in the direction towards the closest waterbody. The DNR is aware of several sites in the state where wells are contaminated, but nearby surface water concentrations of PFAS are low since the groundwater is not flowing in the direction of the nearest surface water.
9)Would DNR consider offering free PFAS testing to Oneida County Lake Associations? No, not at this time. The DNR has sampled waterbodies throughout the area at sites that we have determined to be high priority. Additional sampling will occur in 2024. The information gained through this sampling will help to define and determine the extent of the area of contamination in surface water.
10) Have all Oneida County municipal WWTP's had their sludge tested for PFAS?
No. PFAS sampling is included in Wisconsin Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (WPDES) permits as they are reissued. It may take up to 5 years for all facilities in Oneida County to have PFAS sampling requirements for sludge included in their permits.
11) Does the DNR have an opinion on the recent Oneida County PFAS Resolution?
The DNR continues to utilize a public health-led approach to address PFAS in Wisconsin, which includes gathering and sharing information about PFAS presence in drinking water. The DNR has been made aware of several counties that have conducted outreach to private well owners to inform and/or encourage sampling, and in some cases has provided access to free or subsidized sampling and analysis.
(12) When contamination impacts a community, it requires coordination and cooperation across units of government to help mitigate the risk to human health and the environment. The DNR submitted a 13.10 request to the Joint Finance Committee that would allow the DNR to access the $125 million PFAS Trust Fund. If granted access, the DNR would distribute funding to counties and local communities to conduct sampling, disrupt exposures and begin to work on mitigation.
13) Also is there any consideration to speeding up the process to stop any excessive PFAS biosolid spreading sooner?
It is unclear what process is being referred to. The department will update the Interim Strategy as new information becomes available. EPA is currently conducting a Risk Assessment related to PFAS in biosolids. EPA uses Risk Assessments to characterize the nature and magnitude of health risks to humans and ecological receptors (e.g., plants and animals) from chemical contaminants and other stressors. The EPA is scheduled to complete the Risk Assessment for PFAS in biosolids at the end of 2024.
14) Are permits still being issued for sludge/sewerage dumping?
Land application of municipal biosolids, industrial sludge and septage is still allowed in accordance with Wisconsin Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (WPDES) permits and septage licenses.
15) How long are sludge/sewerage permits good for? Can these permit time lengths be shortened?
Wisconsin Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (WPDES) permits are issued for 5 years. There are procedures in code for revoking and reissuing or modifying permits. Shorter permit terms are also allowable under code. Who monitors sludge/sewerage dumping and how often? Facilities are required to monitor and self-report to the Department. Reporting is done on an annual basis
16). Can contaminated soil be treated?
Current treatment options for PFAS are mostly limited to situations when PFAS is in water. Groundwater that is in contact with soils can be treated for PFAS. If unsaturated soils contain PFAS contamination, these soils can be excavated and disposed at a licensed landfill or, in some situations, the excavated soil is incinerated.
17) Can contaminated stream/lake water be treated?
Contaminated water can be treated to remove PFAS; however, in most situations, the water must be captured and run through an engineered treatment system. Thus, the size of the water body, flowrate of the stream and how the stream or lake are connected to groundwater will influence how effective treatment will be at improving water quality in the lake or stream. Treating surface water is more applicable in small defined areas like a localized spill with a very small defined outflow that can be handled by a granular activated carbon (GAC) bed. This would likely not be a practical approach for large waterbodies, rivers, and extensive areas of contamination.
By Eric Rempala May 2, 2024- OCCWA attended the May 1st combined Wisconsin DHS and DNR presentation hosted by Oneida County's Department of Health. The presentation covered recent PFAS developments in the town of Stella and included a public Q&A session. The meeting took place at Rhinelander's James Williams Middle School rather than Stella Town Hall due crowding concerns. Attendance at the presentation was estimated at 100 attendees of which most were Stella residents.
The Wisconsin Department of Health Services led off the presentation with general information of what PFAS are and the health hazards that ingesting them can cause. The DHS emphasized ingestion was main culprit of PFAS accumulation in the body. The DHS dismissed concerns about PFAS entering the body through skin absorption. Stella specific handouts and a link p03610.pdf (wisconsin.gov) for more information and contacts were shared. Guidance for drinking water, fish consumption, gardening, and surface water recreation, were included in both.
Next up was the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. A good portion of the DNR's time was spent sharing promising results from recent well drilling in Stella. The new deeper wells have been testing clean or at a low enough level where filtering is effective. Multiple property owners have drilled new deeper wells using the DNR recommended method.
The recommended method uses the pouring of a concrete 20 ft plug at the top of the bedrock layer which helps separate the lower bedrock aquifer from the upper ground gravel/sand aquifer. The reason being is that ground aquifers have higher PFAS levels, and you don't want them to contaminate the cleaner bedrock aquifers below.
The DNR also revealed that they are expanding the Stella free testing circle to 3 miles. Property owners in the expanded area should look for a DNR offer letter to arrive by June. If an owner chooses to accept the free testing, they can receive a test kit from the DNR's Rhinelander Service Center by presenting their letter. The Service Center address is 107 Sutliff Ave.
Also addressed were multiple questions from Stella residents asking if the septage spreading around Starks is a factor contributing to the PFAS problem. The DNR representative dismissed that concern stating that septage pumped from a homeowner's septic tank would not have severe PFAS contamination as might biosolid/sludge from an industrial site or wastewater treatment plan.
The DNR briefly discussed their Superfund Preliminary Assessment application (See our February 16 post). Federal Superfund designation would bring federal tax dollar assistance to help address the contamination. By no means is the application a guarantee that the Superfund designation would be applied, but the Stella contamination level may well score high to qualify. This application process and designation would most likely take years to finalize.
There was also discussion on whether the DNR certified biosolid spreading records in Oneida County could help lead to discovering other potential PFAS contamination in county. Stella is not the only town biosolids were spread in Oneida County. The problem with using the records is that since PFAS was not determined to be hazardous when the applications were made, it will be difficult now to determine which applications actually had high PFAS contamination. To address this issue the DNR is sending questionnaire letters to all past biosolid spreading entities asking detailed questions as to what products they used and when, to try and determine which applications would be a concern. This is no small endeavor and will take an undetermined amount of time.
The DNR had no less than six or seven representatives on hand for this presentation. Representatives were from Oneida County as well as Madison. We at OCCWA have the highest regard for the DNR's commitment and the work they have done so far. They have been professional and extremely helpful in all our groups interactions. We would ask residents of Oneida County to consider the difficult process that lies ahead. During the meeting, the statement was made that this "will be a long slog". There will be many years of investigation and remediation before we can put this issue behind us.
The DNR representatives emphasized they are available to answer any and all citizens concerns. To that point, a specific Stella Questions phone number has been established 888 626-0605 along with a specific email address Dnrstellapfas@wisconsin.gov We were told these contacts will be monitored daily.
OCCWA would like to acknowledge the Oneida County Health Department for the tremendous job they did in relocating the presentation site and facilitating the meeting. As for local government, Oneida County supervisors attending the presentation were Lenore Lopez, Steven Schreier, and Collette Sorgel. Sadly, no State Legislators were in attendance to our knowledge.
Must Read WXPR Coverage
Once again Katie Thoresen hits it out of the park with her coverage! I can't emphasize enough how valuable Katie and WXPR are to this community. DNR: Initial new well installations look to be successful in treating PFAS contamination in Stella | WXPR
Helpful Links
Oneida County Health Department presentation link Water Quality – Oneida County Public Health Department (oneidacountywi.gov)
American Rescue Plan Act well replacement flyer ARPAFlier.pdf (wisconsin.gov)
Wisconsin Department of Health Services PFAS link Chemicals: Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) Substances | Wisconsin Department of Health Services
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources PFAS Contamination in the Town of Stella | | Wisconsin DNR
By Eric Rempala February 16, 2024- In a recent discussion with the DNR Oneida County Clean Waters Action was able to confirm that the DNR has completed a preliminary assessment (PA) for the U.S. EPA. As we understand this submission is the first step in determining if the EPA will classify the PFAS contamination in Stella as a Superfund Site. Here is the introduction language from that assessment. "Under authority of the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA), the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) was tasked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to conduct a Pre-CERCLA Screening (PCS) and a Preliminary Assessment (PA) at the Township of Stella PFAS Contamination Site in Oneida County, Wisconsin (Site) as part of the fiscal year 2023 – 2024 Cooperative Agreement. The PCS form is included in Appendix C. The purpose of this PA was to collect information concerning conditions at the Site sufficient to assess the threat posed to human health and the environment and to determine the need for additional CERCLA/SARA or other appropriate action. The scope of the PA included review of available file information, a comprehensive target survey, and Site reconnaissance." This language as well as the complete assessment can be viewed here WDNR EM/RR BOTW (wi.gov) by selecting the accompanied Stella PDF under Actions and Documents portion.
Per the EPA " Thousands of contaminated sites exist nationally due to hazardous waste being dumped, left out in the open, or otherwise improperly managed. These sites include manufacturing facilities, processing plants, landfills and mining sites." More information on Superfunds can be found here. What is Superfund? | US EPA
One important point to consider is that the EPA will attempt to hold polluters responsible as indicated by this excerpt from EPA site "Under the authority of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA, commonly known as Superfund), the Superfund enforcement program gets hazardous waste sites cleaned up by finding the companies or people responsible, known as potentially responsible parties (PRPs), for contamination at a site and negotiating with them to do the cleanup themselves or to pay for the cleanup done by another party (e.g., EPA, state, or other parties)."
As you may know; accountability has become a real concern in our state as legislators argue about and delay the $125 million designated this past August for PFAS cleanup. The sticking point being the DNR's ability to hold polluters financially responsible. See our December 21st post as well as WXPR coverage Senate passes PFAS funding bill, critics say it protects polluters | WXPR .
We understand there is much information to digest here and hope that the links provided in this post will help those interested to get a clearer picture.
January 22, 2024 Update- WXPR's Katie Thoresen released an incredibly in-depth article on PFAS in Oneida County including an interactive map Biosolids Spreading in Oneida County - Google My Maps detailing locations of past biosolid spreading in Oneida County dating as far back as 1996. The article goes on to document much of the recent history of PFAS contamination in county while sharing past WXPR articles covering PFAS. This is an incredible documentation of PFAS contamination in Oneida County and is a must read. Link here Biosolids in Oneida County: What we know and what we’re still learning | WXPR
Also here is a link to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel's coverage of the incredibly ridiculous political process holding up State financial resources to address the growing PFAS issue. Tony Evers calls out Republicans over 'breathtaking' inaction on PFAS (jsonline.com)
By Eric Rempala January 18, 2024- I attended the January 16th County Board meeting, where a PFAS resolution created by the County Board of Health Committee was one of many resolutions up for consideration. As reported in our December 21 post, the initial resolution asked, "that all areas within a 2-mile radius surrounding where the DNR permitted biosolids to be applied will be offered well water testing to be paid for by the DNR or the state of Wisconsin." Also asked for was all biosolids from Wastewater Treatment Facilities and those facilities suspected of potentially having PFAS concentrations in their biosolids be tested before being spread.
As it turns out the County Board Supervisors decided to go a bit further with several amendments strengthening the resolution. The first added amendment was offered by Supervisor Winkler of Newbold increasing the 2-mile radius mentioned above to 6 miles.
The Next added amendment offered by Supervisor Fried of Minocqua was to ad "Whereas, the purpose of the request is to determine how many DNR certified biosolid spreading sites are in Onieda County and what their PFAS levels might be. Since the DNR certifies the sites, they also should be getting and recording how much sludge/biosolids in weight have been spread over each field every year."
The final added amendment was offered by Supervisor Schreier of Rhinelander stating that "Whereas, it is the desire of the County Board that the Department of Natural Resources provide information pertaining to biosolids per site and in a timely manner to the Department of Health." Leaving us with the final amended resolution. Res-16-2024-Direct-DNR-to-test-well-water-for-PFAS.pdf (oneida.wi.us)
This amended resolution was passed unanimously by the board. We at OCCWA have championed a statement such as this from the county on PFAS and are overwhelmed by their job on this resolution. We commend Chairman Holewinski, the County Board of Health, and the County Board for their professionalism on this issue.
Though this task is done, the work continues. How the county goes about the business of identifying other potential sites in county as well as assisting those sites already identified is the next job. Using the resolution as a guideline, working with, and urging the DNR to move forward as quickly as possible we hope to see measurable progress going forward.
Provided here WXPR coverage of meeting- Oneida County wants more PFAS testing of private wells in the county | WXPR
By Eric Rempala December 21, 2023- As reported in Kathleen Coopers December 13th post, the Oneida County Board of Health Committee has forwarded a resolution on PFAS to be considered by the County Board in their January board meeting.
We at OCCWA have been urging the DNR to use their certified PFAS spreading site list to determine where other potential contamination may be in county. The DNR not only has a list of all DNR certified sites in Oneida County but supposedly also have records of amounts spread at these sites over the years. Just how far back records go is up for debate. By the way, the county has the authority to make an open records request to acquire these records.
Understanding these facts, one would surmise that with those records one might be able to determine where the highest concentrations of PFAS may be located elsewhere in county. While most people might think this is common sense, the DNR has yet to respond whether this logic is valid.
The county's Board of Health Committee addressed this concern with one of their asks on the proposed resolution. "Therefore, be It resolved that all areas within a 2-mile radius surrounding where the DNR permitted biosolids to be applied will be offered well water testing to be paid for by the DNR or the state of Wisconsin."
The other request in the resolution asks that that all biosolids from Wastewater Treatment Facilities and those facilities suspected of potentially having PFAS concentrations in their biosolids be tested before being spread. Res-16-2024-Direct-DNR-to-test-well-water-for-PFAS.pdf (oneida.wi.us)
Both these requests seem quite reasonable considering recent circumstances and application of Wisconsin Common Sense. So, there you have the upbeat part. Refreshing right?
Now for the Not So Much part. The DNR recently sent out notice that they are halting work on setting PFAS standards that the NRB more than a year ago dropped the ball on. Part of the DNR statement read " The final economic impact analysis of proposed groundwater standards for PFAS is in excess of $10 million for a 2-year period. As required by state statutes, the DNR has stopped work on this proposed rule and has notified the state legislature. The state legislature will need to grant the DNR authority to continue the rulemaking process for setting PFAS standards in drinking water." The statute is commonly referred to as the REINS act.
We share with you now Wisconsin Examiner coverage for more information. Evers calls on Legislature to release PFAS funds, approve DNR groundwater rule - Wisconsin Examiner
I have withdrawn a quote from the Examiner article "The folly of the REINS Act has become clear when the legislature appropriates $125 million to ‘begin’ addressing PFAS contamination but then triggers a ‘cease and desist’ order to DNR because a PFAS groundwater standard might cost more than $10 million,” Doug Oitzinger, the former mayor of Marinette, said in a statement."
I can tell you that Mr. Oitzinger is a fantastic advocate for his city and has done yeoman's work on this issue for many years already, and his frustration level is absolutely palpable for good reason. We in Oneida County are just learning what a slow process this will be.
By Eric Rempala November 20, 2023- In a January 2023 Town of Stella meeting OCCWA posed a question. "One question asked at the meeting of Senator Felzkowski was what effect the current litigation by Wisconsin Manufacturers and Commerce (WMC) might have in limiting the states authority to address PFAS contamination under Wisconsin's Spills Law. Senator Felzkowski chose to not answer citing as a reason that until the litigation was complete it would be only speculation as to the effects." Who is WMC? Per their website "WMC is consistently ranked as the number one lobbying organization in Wisconsin. No one spends more time and energy fighting for the business community." As of this date no decision has been made by the courts on the WMC lawsuit.
Now, this same question rears its head and threatens to become a serious obstacle to dispersing financial assistance from the state to help communities dealing with PFAS contamination. The reason for this is that the Legislature appears to have chosen to support some of WMC's positions in their recent bill SB312 to provide the financial assistance. Senate passes PFAS funding bill, critics say it protects polluters | WXPR
In the above WXPR article link, Wisconsin's Conservation Voters Peter Burress states “We can disagree on those pieces. We shouldn't let those pieces get in the way of getting the funding out the door,” said Burress. “That's what's happening right now.” OCCWA agrees with this logical statement and urges the Governor and the Legislature to release the funding now. Holding public assistance back while bartering for concessions to corporations is a bad look. Frankly, Wisconsin residents deserve better.
This type of legislative action unfortunately is not a one off. In our June 23rd post by Kathleen Cooper, she explained how the Legislature stripped away Local Control by way of eliminating local referendums. The tool that Oneida County residents used to stop Metallic Sulfide Mining in the Town of Lynne was taken away. How was this accomplished? It was attached to Revenue Sharing legislation that towns desperately needed. Sound familiar?
Midwest Environmental Advocates (MEA) shared their concerns with SB312 in a recent news update. MEA update provided below.
" Last week, the Wisconsin State Senate passed SB312 over the objections of the very Wisconsinites it purports to help—those whose communities have been directly impacted by PFAS contamination. The bill, which creates a municipal grant program and an “innocent landowner” grant program, allows certain corporate polluters to qualify for “innocent landowner” grant funds, a provision that will force private residential well owners to compete for funds with corporate entities like paper mills and solid waste facilities.
To make matters worse, the bill ties eligibility for the so-called “innocent landowner” grant program to limitations on the DNR’s authority to hold PFAS polluters accountable under Wisconsin’s Spills Law. When the bill was first introduced, members of impacted communities across the state advocated for revisions that would remove those limitations. Not only does the final version of the bill fail to fix the polluter loophole, it makes it even easier for polluters to qualify for a free pass.
Legislation that provides aid to municipalities and private well owners burdened by PFAS contamination is badly needed. Unfortunately, this bill comes with too many strings attached, doesn’t do enough to prioritize private well owners, and doesn’t actually appropriate any new funds."
Update by Eric Rempala October 11, 2023- We are sharing the DNR's recent surface water tests results posted on 10/9. Here is the DNR quote " The DNR sampled additional waterbodies in the Town of Stella area for PFAS in mid-August, and sampling results are now available. Results show that lakes Second, Fourth and Fifth in the Moen chain of lakes, as well as Twin Lakes Creek have levels of PFAS above Wisconsin’s surface water standards. PFAS were also detected in lakes Thompson, George and Stella, but were at levels lower than the surface water standard and similar to many other waterbodies around the state."
I think the DNR statement speaks for itself, some good news and some bad. Here is the link to DNR map with test results Stella and Rhinelander Surface Water PFAS Testing - Maps and Tables (wisconsin.gov)
Just a reminder that the Oneida County Board of Health Committee has PFAS as an agenda item on October 16th at 10am, meeting link has yet to be posted on the county website.
By Eric Rempala September 13, 2023- Recent WDNR testing of Rhinelander's paper mill sludge are in and the results are promising. As we stated in a previous article, Ahlstrom Munksjo who provided the sludge sample, acquired the mill several years ago and may not be responsible for the PFAS issue in Stella. As originally suspected by residents, but not yet determined by the DNR, the PFAS issue in Stella could well be a legacy pollution issue stemming back to previous mill owners. To be clear, there has been no determination of the PFAS source by the DNR as of yet.
OCCWA found the test results Ahlstrom Munksjo PFAS Sludge Sample Set Report (wisconsin.gov) a bit confusing, so we contacted the DNR for clarification. Provided is the DNR response.
"The PFOS results are the results listed under Perfluoro-n-octane sulfonic acid (1.67 ng/g). PFOA results are those listed under Perfluoro-n-octanoic acid (0.342 ng/g).
There are currently no limits in state or federal code pertaining to biosolids for any PFAS chemicals for the Department to compare the results to. The Department does have an Interim Strategy for Land Application of Biosolids Containing PFAS (https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/PFAS/PFAS_BiosolidsInterimStrategy.pdf). This document is intended to assist municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities in making decisions in how they handle biosolids containing PFAS (specifically PFOS and PFOA) based on the best information the Department has at this time. While the Ahlstrom paper mill sludge is regulated as an industrial sludge under ch. NR 214, Wis. Adm. Code as opposed to municipal biosolids which are regulated under ch. NR 204, Wis. Adm. Code, you can see that the concentration of PFOS and PFOA would not result in any suggested restrictions in land application.
Michigan has collected a lot of data on PFAS concentrations in municipal biosolids. They found the median PFOS concentration of all 162 WWTPs they sampled was 8.25 ppb and the average was 14.39 ppb. The Ahlstrom sample had a PFOS concentration of 1.67 ppb which is significantly below the median and average. Ahlstrom has indicated on its website that it has switched to a fluorine free product. The Department is not aware of when this change occurred. The Department is not aware of and has not been provided any PFAS results from samples taken before this recent sample which the Department collected.
The EPA is currently developing a risk assessment to better understand the potential public health and ecological risks associated with PFAS in land-applied biosolids. This information will be used by the department and EPA to inform decisions on the need to regulate biosolids."
I would be remiss at this time to not acknowledge the DNR for their quick response as well as their professionalism in answering all questions posed by OCCWA.
One point to clarify from the DNR statement. It appears Michigan has been way ahead of Wisconsin on PFAS testing, taking positive action as far back as 2021. Land Application of Biosolids Containing PFAS Interim Strategy (michigan.gov) Are our Wisconsin legislators not as interested in protecting water quality as Michigan's? Let's hope not, but it's a legitimate question as our local legislators have in the past opposed public opinion on mining as well as Pelican River Forest.
We would also like to share WXPR's Katie Thoresen's coverage of the DNR sludge testing results. Rhinelander papermill sludge testing shows low PFAS levels | WXPR As we have stated before WXPR and in particular Katie, have done a fantastic job covering this local issue.
A couple of points to be considered going forward. Where did the PFAS contamination come from? If the contamination in fact came from past mill spreading, where else was that sludge spread and what other towns may be affected? What is Oneida County's responsibility pertaining to this issue? Well hopefully the last question will be addressed soon, as the Oneida County Board of Health Committee has chosen to add the PFAS discussion to their October 16th meeting agenda. See Kathleen Coopers update article below for more details. Job well done Kathleen and compliments to the Oneida County Board of Health Committee for their consideration.
WXPR acquires sludge spreading records-Updated March 29** For those who may have missed it. WXPR's Katie Thoresen requested and received DNR historical records for sludge spreading in Oneida County dating all the way back to 1996. Here is her article Biosolids in Oneida County: What we know and what we’re still learning | WXPR In the article Katie provides an interactive map which you can see the locations of DNR Certified spreading in Oneida County. See map here https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=12f_VKJYBJ3NjIHdD9dnMGv9Rw649u08&femb=1&ll=45.62180143607965%2C-89.29494433518941&z=11 Along with the interactive map, Katie provides a link to the WDNR provided Excell spread sheet documenting locations where and the amounts of sludge spread. There have been over 600 documented sludge applications in Oneida County in the last 30 years. See spread sheet here oneida-county-site-pull.xlsx (live.com) This is just the beginning of need-to-know information for residents and towns who wish to track potential PFAS contamination and determine risk. We at OCCWA cannot overstate how important this article and information provided will be going forward, Well done Katie
Update By Kathleen Cooper September 13, 2023- Eric Rempala and Kathleen Cooper attended the Oneida County Board of Health Committee meeting on September 12 to urge this committee to become more involved in the widespread PFAS problem in Oneida County. The Town of Stella appears to be the hardest hit, but it has also caused Rhinelander city wells to be shut down. The full extent of the problem in Oneida County is not yet known, but PFAS is suspected to be more prevalent than we know at this point in time.
There have been various resolutions passed in Ashland, Kenosha, and Marinette Counties urging the DNR to dedicate time and resources to enforce PFAS standards. In Douglas County, a resolution was passed unanimously to require the testing of any sludge that is spread on their fields. This resolution was used as an example for the Board of Health to model an Oneida County resolution.
This item was well received by the Board of Health and was placed on the agenda for the October 16 meeting. It is a first step in minimizing any more contamination of our soil and water. The public can help by contacting their County Board supervisors and expressing their support of this potential resolution.
WPR coverage by Danielle Kaeding including Douglas County Resolution link- DNR Offers To Test Municipal Sewage Sludge For PFAS » Urban Milwaukee
WPR excerpt- "In the meantime, northern Wisconsin leaders are concerned PFAS contamination could stem from spreading biosolids on farm fields. Douglas and Bayfield counties passed resolutions this spring that seek to require PFAS testing of all sewage sludge spread on lands in Wisconsin."
By Kathleen Cooper August 29, 2023- I was at a town meeting in Stella last month, and we have a public health emergency on our hands. I looked at the faces of the people of Stella while the DNR was telling them of the PFAS levels in their wells, lakes, and waterways, and I saw shock, disbelief, fear, and hopelessness. The DNR has no clear answers for these people, no certainty that their water will ever be safe to drink. Home filtration systems, (only if the PFAS level is under 200 parts per trillion, and many were much higher) or drilling new wells are the only options open to them. These options still don’t guarantee clean water.
What happened in Stella could happen to any of us, maybe is already happening to us. It is not an isolated incident. It is happening all over the state, from Rhinelander, to Menominee, to Wausau, and many other municipalities. The contamination has drained into other waterways, like the Pelican River, and the Wisconsin River from the contaminated lakes and streams in Stella.
PFAS are a group of man-made chemicals that are used in a variety of products, ranging from firefighting foam to Teflon and other non-stick substances, paper and cardboard wrappers for fast food and bakery goods, stain resistant furniture and carpets, clothes, and even in personal care products and cosmetics. They are called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down in the environment, and build up in fish, wildlife, and human beings. PFAS affects growth and development in humans, and is linked to testicular, kidney, liver, and pancreatic cancer, reproductive problems, weakened childhood immunity, low birth weight, endocrine disruption, increased cholesterol, and weight gain in children and dieting adults.
Some PFAS chemicals (the “long chain” variety) have been phased out but have now been replaced with similar “short chain” replacements, which the FDA has recklessly allowed. The new chemicals may pose even worse risks than the long chains, which supports scientists’ growing agreement that the entire class of PFAS are hazardous. Unreleased federal data suggest that up to 110 million Americans could have PFAS-contaminated drinking water. It continues to be discharged into the environment, because there are currently no restrictions on industrial PFAS discharges under the federal Clean Water Act or the Clean Air Act. Not only has manufacturing discharged PFAS into the environment, but the military has used firefighting foam containing PFAS for decades and is fighting efforts to clean up legacy pollution. The EPA has failed to set a legal limit for any PFAS in tap water, and its non-enforceable health advisory level for PFAS is 70 times higher than what independent studies show is needed.
The cause of the PFAS contamination in Stella has not been proven as of yet, but it is suspected that decades of sludge spreading on local fields from the papermill, and that of biosolids from the wastewater treatment plant may be the culprits. There is also PFAS contamination in the City of Rhinelander It is suspected that the firefighting foam from the Rhinelander airport may have played a role. Nothing has been determined conclusively, partly because testing for PFAS in the sludge and biosolids is voluntary, and the entities who caused the problem do not want to be responsible for cleaning it up. Ahlstrom Munksjo, the owner of the paper mill in Rhinelander, has consented to testing, with no results back at this time.
The people in Stella who are affected have been given bottled drinking water, and have been offered monetary help to install new filtration systems or drill wells. The amount of money offered is less than what is needed, but it helps. The manufacturers and others suspected of causing the problem, as well as our state senator, do not want to “place blame” and expect it to be cleaned up with taxpayer money.
Other Wisconsin counties such as Douglas County and Ashland counties, have proposed resolutions to stop the spreading of sludge and biomass in their fields. Oneida County continues to ignore the problem, and has done nothing, not even showing up in Stella for informational meetings. The problem continues, with no end in sight, no regulation, and no solutions. The DNR is still allowing sludge spreading in six area fields. Meanwhile the people in Stella are receiving bottled drinking water, but not much else.
Here is an article documenting some of Marinette and Peshtigo's PFAS consequences. 'The Middle of a Massive Contamination': Marinette and Peshtigo Residents Struggle with Aftereffects of PFAS (pbswisconsin.org) Both towns are four years beyond their initial PFAS contamination discovery.
By Kathleen Cooper October 22, 2023- Eric Rempala and I attended the October 16 Board of Health meeting. We presented a draft of a resolution that could be voted on by the BOH and presented to the County Board that called for testing of all sludge spread on the fields of Oneida County for PFAS before spreading. A similar resolution was passed by the Douglas County Board, and the Douglas County resolution was used as a model for the tentative Oneida County resolution. The Douglas County resolution was passed unanimously in Douglas County.
OCCWA was informed before the meeting by Linda Conlon, the director of the Oneida County Health Department, that Oneida County Corporation Counsel had denied permission to pass the PFAS resolution. Counsel stated that pending litigation involving Oneida County (between the airport and the City of Rhinelander, and between the people in Stella and the paper mill) made it inadvisable to consider a resolution to test PFAS for future spreading of sludge at this time.
However, we were allowed to distribute the draft resolution to the BOH members and allowed to talk about it during the public comment portion of the meeting. Eric was permitted to talk at length about the PFAS problem in Oneida County. Covered were existing problems in Stella, the bodies of water involved, and the fact that PFAS has spread into the Pelican River and beyond. He also stated that the full scope of the problem is unknown, because the cost of testing private wells in other parts of the county is costly, and prohibitive to many property owners.
There are no existing solutions or plans to mitigate this contamination in the absence of definitive statewide and federal guidelines, so preventative measures instituted locally would be a way to start to ensure that it does not get any worse, since the DNR stated that sludge spreading continues in six fields in the Stella area. Testing the sludge before spreading would help ensure that PFAS contamination does not get any worse.
I stated that any current litigation has no bearing on passing the PFAS resolution that we presented, because this litigation concerns past practices by various entities, not current and future practices. This resolution covers future sludge policies, not what has occurred in the past, and should have no bearing on the cases currently in litigation. It is also nonbinding and is more of a statement to be sent to Madison of what the counties want moving forward. It is a start of what we hope to be firm policies set out by the state and the counties concerning this growing problem. Ms. Conlon requested an electronic copy of the resolution that she could pass onto Corporation Counsel.
So, in summary, the BOH said no to the resolution, but there may be hope that Corporation Counsel or the county reconsiders.
Proposed PFAS Resolution
WHEREAS, according to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources PFAS Action Plan 2020, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 5,000 human made chemicals that were invented in the 1930’s. These chemicals have been used in products ranging anywhere from nonstick cookware, waterproof clothing, and stain-resistant textiles to aqueous film forming (AFFF) firefighting foam and food packaging. However, they are also exceptionally resistant to degradation and, when discharged into the environment, linger for prolonged periods of time and may bioaccumulate in humans, fish, and wildlife. In recent years, it has been discovered that PFAS substances bioaccumulate in the human body and studies have found that 98% of Americans have measurable levels of PFAS in their blood, and
WHEREAS, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), certain PFAS substances pose a number of risks to human health, including developmental problems in fetuses and infants, certain types of cancer, reduced antibody response, decreased immune response to vaccinations, and kidney disease, and
WHEREAS, sample results of wells in the Town of Stella tested by the DNR’s Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater in the summer of 2022 indicated high levels of PFAS compounds in at least 49 private wells, and
WHEREAS, sampling results found that several water bodies contained levels of PFAS compounds higher than Wisconsin’s water quality standards, including Snowden Lake, Starks Creek, several lakes in the Moen Chain (Second Lake, Third Lake, Fourth Lake, and Fifth Lake), Twin Lakes Creek, the North Branch of the Pelican River, and the Pelican River, and
WHEREAS, the DNR recommends limiting or stopping eating fish from PFAS contaminated bodies of water, as well as swimming and water skiing, and
WHEREAS, the City of Rhinelander has shut down well 7 and well 8, as well as the artesian well along River Road, over high levels of PFAS, and
WHEREAS, there has been much manufacturing, agriculture, and sewage waste dumping in Oneida County fields for decades, all possible/probable sources of PFAS, and
WHEREAS, there remain 6 sites in Oneida County where untested biosolids are being applied, and
WHEREAS, Oneida County is an extremely water rich part of Wisconsin, with over 1,100 lakes, and with nearly 38% of its surface comprising lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands, totaling over 463 square miles.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that all biosolids applied in Oneida County require testing prior to application according to the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy “Biosolids and Sludge PFAS Sampling Guidance” published April 2022. Test results must be submitted to the Oneida County Land Conservation Department and the property owner where the biosolids will be applied at least three days prior to the biosolids application.
Dated this_____ day of _______, 2023
By Eric Rempala August 25, 2023- OCCWA would like to share a link to the Wisconsin DNR's Interim Strategy for Land Application of Biosolids (Sludge) Containing PFAS dated September of 2021. Interim Strategy for Land Application of Biosolids Containing PFAS (wisconsin.gov) Here is an excerpt from said document.
" 3.0 Proposed Interim Strategy for Land Application of Biosolids Until a fully vetted, risk-based assessment is completed for PFAS in biosolids, similar to other states DNR is implementing the following strategy to assist WWTFs and landowners/farmers who make decisions relating to land application of biosolids with detectable concentrations of PFAS. Note, the department expects that this interim strategy be used in conjunction with the requirements of NR 204, Wis. Adm. Code.
The strategy primarily focuses on three-parts for success: • PFAS Biosolids Sampling. Sample and analyze biosolids suspected to be impacted by PFAS prior to land application.
• PFAS Source Identification and Reduction. PFAS analytical results from biosolids sampling will dictate the level of source identification and reduction efforts. Note, while PFAS sources are often associated with industrial manufacturing, other sources, including a variety of commercial businesses, have the potential to substantially contribute PFAS loading to WWTFs.
• Farmer and Landowner Communication. It is important that PFAS concentrations in biosolids and source reduction efforts are communicated with the landowner and/or farmer receiving the biosolids. DNR will assist in providing analytical information and additional educational resources specific to PFAS in biosolids in Wisconsin."
So, this document is what the DNR is using for monitoring and testing of sludge applications until a more permanent testing process is put in place. The testing of the Rhinelander paper mill sludge which the DNR referenced in their August 15th meeting with the town of Stella falls under this document. We would recommend anyone wishing to get a better understanding of the spreading of sludge in Wisconsin review the entire link provided above (approximately 8 pages).
Another excerpt from the cited document is " Because there are potentially many sources of PFAS within biosolids, source identification is necessary to ensure biosolids are protected from industrial and commercial contamination. Common industrial sources of PFAS include metal finishers, landfills (leachate), paper manufacturing, mixed manufacturing, paint manufacturing, leather tannery facilities, commercial industrial laundries, chemical manufacturers, centralized waste treaters, and a variety of miscellaneous sources. Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) used as fire-fighting foam can also have lingering impacts as a source of PFAS as residuals within sewers or from infiltration into the sewer collection system.
For small WWTFs, small commercial operations including operations that appear innocuous, such as floor mat cleaning, commercial laundries and truck washes, may be PFAS sources and identified as potentially impacting PFAS concentrations in biosolids.
The department is eager to partner with any WWTF operators wanting to establish a PFAS source identification and reduction program and stands ready to assist if requested."
In the Stella January meeting it was brought to the DNR's attention by local residents, that they felt their PFAS issues were due to land spreading. At this point the DNR seems to be directing their investigation in that direction. Identifying the source of the PFAS is the first step in stopping the continuation of the contamination.
If you require more reason for concern from paper mill sludge, reference this Portland Press Herald article dated July of 2021. Trail of ‘forever chemicals’ leads to Maine paper mills (pressherald.com)
Article excerpt provided,
" Paper mills have used a lot of PFAS – and in some cases still do – in the coatings that keep grease or liquids from soaking through picnic plates, takeout food containers, pizza boxes, microwave popcorn bags and fast-food wrappers."
“They have legacy use of PFAS, almost certainly,” said John Gardella, an attorney at CBMG3 Law in Boston who specializes in environmental law and advises clients on PFAS issues. “The question is, how long were you using it and what did you do with the (sludge) that came from the waste?”
By Eric Rempala August 17, 2023- Oneida County Clean Waters Action attended the DNR's presentation at the town of Stella on August 15. As you may know, OCCWA uses outside news links to provide information. We then try to supply complimentary information and links to supplement provided links. So, we have much to unpack for consideration from the Stella/DNR meeting.
Let's start with the WXPR Katie Thoresen piece from the press meeting prior to the town meeting. DNR: Stella wells have some of the highest levels of PFAS in the US | Wisconsin Public Radio (wpr.org)
The most concerning issue being Steve Elmore of the DNR's quote “These levels are significant. It's some of the highest levels in the country that we've seen, and certainly, the highest we've seen in groundwater and drinking water in Wisconsin,” said Elmore. What this says is that Stella is by no means a small concern. It ranks right up there with the PFAS problems in Marinette WI and should be treated as such.
Another concern to consider is though it appears that shallower sand and gravel wells may have more contamination, drilling a new well deeper into the granite may still have PFAS contamination as well as low water flow. So, the question becomes, What happens if you drill a $23,000 well and it's not functional?
Moving on to the actual DNR-Stella town meeting. Once again WXPR Katie Thoresen coverage. PFAS contamination in Stella among highest in the country, the forever chemicals are now being found in nearby lakes | WXPR Here additional information is released, namely recent surface water testing results for Stella and Rhinelander area.
Notable Surface Test Results
1) Good news, all of the Wisconsin River tested below allowable Wisconsin PFAS surface water standard levels including in Rhinelander all the way down to Hat Rapids Road. With slightly elevated numbers below the Pelican River mouth.
2) Pelican River tested above state allowable PFAS surface water standard levels from Fifth Lake all the way down to where it empties into the Wisconsin River.
3) Both Spur and Moen Lakes tested below state allowable PFAS surface standards.
4) Third Lake tested just above state allowable PFAS surface standards.
5) The Bad news is Snowden Lake tested over 16 times the state allowable PFAS surface standards. The DNR surmised the reason may be due to Snowden water source coming directly form ground water.
Note: PFAS testing was done for PFOA as well as PFOS.
Here is DNR's newest and most helpful link to the recent surface water testing. Maps and tables with actual test numbers. You will want to see this! Stella and Rhinelander Area SW PFAS Results 2023 - Maps and Tables (wisconsin.gov)
We at OCCWA realize this PFAS issue causes anger and frustration but we recommend using a level head moving forward as there is so much work to be done. We commend the citizens of Stella for their fair treatment of those informing them. The DNR we have encountered have been helpful and accessible in answering our questions. Also, it's worth mentioning that the DNR arrived with close to a dozen representatives for the Stella meeting. Here is the DNR's August 15th press release. Response To PFAS Contamination Ongoing With Town Of Stella And Multiple State Agencies | Wisconsin DNR
Last but not least, the DNR has acquired a sludge sample to test for PFAS from the Rhinelander paper mill Ahlstrom Munksjo. Many believe that Stella's PFAS issue may have come from sludge spreading over many years and they may well be right. As of now though there is no actual proof of the source. The DNR is investigating but fear the results may be difficult to determine. We would remind you that the current paper mill operators acquired the mill in recent years and may not have any responsibility in this legacy PFAS issue. We bring this up due to the recent litigation article from WXPR. Lawsuit blames Ahlstrom Munksjo and 3M for Stella PFAS contamination. DNR has yet to identify the source. | WXPR
Update August 15, 2023- We at OCCWA are sharing two recent television pieces. First one being WJFW coverage of the Rhinelander paper mill lawsuit. Rhinelander Paper Mill sued in class action suit | News | wjfw.com We hope to garner more information when we attend the DNR Stella meeting tonight August 15.
Also we are sharing WSAW coverage of PFAS advocates' discussion on Senate Bill 312. PFAS advocates came together to discuss 312 Senate Bill (wsaw.com) As we have shared previously on other posts as well as this very post (see below)"PFAS Bill Would Let PFAS Polluters Off the Hook and Shift Cleanup Costs to Wisconsin Taxpayers" PFAS Advocates continue to have concerns with Senate Bill 312 pertaining to DNR's ability to hold polluters responsible. Wausau Alderperson Tom Killian WSAW direct quotes “While this bill provides much-needed funding to address PFAS in local communities, it also creates a polluter loophole that will restrict DNR authority, and our Spills law,” said Wausau District 3 Alderperson Tom Kilian.
“Routinely our legislative processes have been polluted by money interest and corporate lobbyists who routinely have traded our people’s health protections for profit, and we see this in this element of the bill,” said Kilian.
These quotes echo concerns stated by Midwest Environmental Advocates and shared on previous OCCWA articles.
Update July 17 2023- The Wisconsin DNR now offers to test sewage sludge for PFAS from wastewater treatment facilities. If facilities are concerned and want results, the DNR would pay for testing at both industrial and municipal plants. If a landowner considering sludge applications should request testing for PFAS from the facility, the excuse of cost considerations should no longer be an issue. This is an excellent decision on the DNR's part. See WPR coverage Wisconsin DNR offers to test sewage sludge for PFAS at wastewater facilities | Wisconsin Public Radio (wpr.org)
By Eric Rempala June 27, 2023- Results are in from the most recent expanded DNR PFAS tests for the town of Stella. Provided is a direct quote from the latest DNR update.
"The DNR expanded private well sampling to an additional 56 full-time residences and two summer camps within 2.5 miles of the Stella Town Hall. As of May 3, 2023, a total of 50 wells were sampled within the 2.5-mile expanded area. Of those, the DNR sampled 43 full-time residences, and three residences sampled their own well prior to being contacted by the DNR. Of the 50 private wells sampled:
Homeowners that found their private well is impacted by PFAS above DHS' recommended health guidelines are eligible for in-home bottled water paid for by the DNR. The DNR will correspond with impacted homeowners to initiate the process."
It appears the further away from the Stella Town Hall the better the tests get. Mind you, there were still 11 wells that tested above DHS's recommended health guidelines. No other determinations were given by the DNR. Most recent information including a map of testing results is available at the DNR town of Stella website. PFAS Contamination in the Town of Stella | | Wisconsin DNR
Testing of surface waters in Stella is being done this summer and we will share those results when they become available.
I recently attended the DNR's PFAS External Advisory Group meeting PFAS_EAGMeeting_20230616.mp4 (widen.net) There was much valuable information to be had. At the 57-minute mark a presentation was given on the spreading of industrial and sewage sludge on the land and the permitting process. This process is called soil amendments. Right now, 85% of all sludge is used for land applications.
At this time testing for PFAS is not required on the sludge but there is some monitoring being done. At the 1:41 mark during public comment, I posed a question as to when testing may be required. The answer was, until the EPA sets a standard for PFAS content in sludge which hopefully will occur within the next year, no testing requirements will be implemented. No solid timetable can be determined at this time, but the DNR understands the public's concern and hopes to move forward as soon as possible.
A recent WXPR article covering potential PFAS legislation here Wisconsin Republicans vote to spend $125 million to combat PFAS pollution, but not right away | WXPR
Also provided below is a recent news release by Midwest Environmental Advocates
Midwest Environmental Advocates (midwestadvocates.org)
Supporters of a bill under consideration in the Legislature say it would provide much-needed funding to communities impacted by PFAS contamination, but the bill could end up leaving Wisconsinites worse off. That’s because it contains troubling provisions that limit the state’s enforcement authority and shift the cost of cleanup from polluters to taxpayers.
Last month, the Legislature voted to create a $125-million-dollar fund to address PFAS contamination in communities across the state. A companion bill creating a municipal grant program was subsequently introduced. The news was greeted with cautious optimism, but that optimism quickly faded when it became clear that the bill would make it harder for the state to hold PFAS polluters accountable under Wisconsin's Spills Law.
Shifting responsibility away from polluters would come at an extraordinary cost to taxpayers. Consider, for example, the potential cost of remediating PFAS pollution originating from JCI/Tyco's fire technology center in Marinette. The company reportedly set aside $140 million in 2019 and an additional $255 million in 2022 for remediation efforts. When you consider that more than 100 sites of PFAS contamination have so far been identified in Wisconsin, it's easy to see how statewide cleanup costs could quickly exceed the $125 million allocated by the Legislature.
This attempt to undermine the Spills Law in the Legislature comes at a time when the same law is also under attack in the courts. (See previous article.) Unless the bill is amended to remove limitations on the state’s enforcement authority, MEA will call on Governor Evers to use his veto pen to reject it."
What kind of financial damages are we talking about with PFAS? See article on 3M 10.3 billion dollar settlement. 3M reaches $10.3 billion settlement over contamination of water systems : NPR
WXPR provides article on most effective PFAS filters Nearly half the nation's tap water may contain PFAS. Here's how some filters rank at removing them. | Wisconsin Public Radio (wpr.org)
Update By Eric Rempala May 10, 2023- What's new in Oneida County as far as PFAS? No earthshattering news since our last update. OCCWA continues to monitor this issue closely. Understand that this issue will not be solved quickly. With local environmental groups and resident education ramping up, plus DNR efforts, one would hope for progress and some answers.
What I can tell you is that in the next several weeks the DNR will begin testing surface water in the town of Stella. As mentioned in our last update until lakes and rivers are confirmed PFAS free, perhaps one should consider limiting fish consumption to one meal a week?
Wisconsin Green Fire recently hosted a conference to help local governments get up to speed on PFAS. Bravo WGF! see link Wisconsin’s Green Fire and Partners Equip Local Leaders to Address PFAS in Wisconsin Communities • Wisconsin’s Green Fire (wigreenfire.org)
The DNR has provided a PFAS tool kit with flow charts and everything. Helpful for towns as well as residents. see link below
Wisconsin's Community Response to PFAS in Drinking Water
Wisconsin in no hurry to figure out PFAS problem? Wisconsin Republicans vote to spend $125 million to combat PFAS pollution, but not right away | WXPR
Lastly, for those of you who use Facebook, there is a group S.O.H2O (save our water) out of Marinette Wisconsin who have been dealing with PFAS for quite some time now. I visited their Facebook page and found interesting links. example below
Minnesota prepares for near-total ban on ‘forever chemicals’ (fox9.com)
Update By Eric Rempala March 20, 2023- The DNR recently expanded their sampling efforts around the town of Stella. According to the DNR, letters were sent out February 20th to 56 year-round residents as well as two summer camps located within 2.5 miles of Stella's town hall. Wisconsin DNR expands PFAS sampling around the Town of Stella | WXPR
As we all know that fishing in the Northwoods can be more than just a sport. Many locals use locally caught fish as a food source. In January the DNR released a new fish consumption advisory for Lake Wausau and the Stevens Point flowage due to PFAS contamination.
As of now there are no specific recommendations on the DNR Stella PFAS link PFAS Contamination in the Town of Stella | | Wisconsin DNR as to recommended consumption of local caught fish. Perhaps the Lake Wausau limits of one meal per week for Crappie, Bass, Bluegill, and Perch would be a good guideline for locals to follow for now?
Lake Wausau fish consumption link New PFAS Fish Consumption Advisory Issued For Lake Wausau And Stevens Point Flowage | Wisconsin DNR
By Eric Rempala January 24, 2023- I recently attended the latest Stella town meeting with the DNR on January 19th. In that meeting the DNR shared information with the town board as well as a substantial crowd of concerned residents. Information was shared on how the DNR will provide temporary water to affected homes as well as potential assistance to homeowners who may need to drill new wells. We have provided an updated DNR press release with our January 20 post which gives affected residents multiple links to access assistance. Also, the DNR shared how they will proceed with investigating the source of the PFAS emphasizing that it may take years to determine. Identifying the source is essential to prevent future contamination. WXPR's Katie Thoreson was on hand and provided an accurate account of the meeting. DNR to provide water for affected Starks residents as further PFAS testing reveals even higher levels of contamination | WXPR
We at OCCWA have come to depend on WXPR and particularly Katie for invaluable coverage of environmental issues in our county.
There are several other issues pertaining to PFAS that should be considered. One being why the Natural Resources Board failed to set PFAS limits on groundwater (well water)? A January 6th article in the Wisconsin Examiner presents several concerning issues for your consideration. Conservation groups lament policy damage of Prehn’s extra time on Natural Resources Board - Wisconsin Examiner
Some recent good news is that the National Resources Board has now decided they can move forward with health-based standards for PFAS in groundwater (well water) as reported by WPR reporter Danielle Kaeding. Policy board says Wisconsin regulators can restart process for crafting PFAS standards in groundwater | Wisconsin Public Radio (wpr.org)
One question asked at the meeting of Senator Felzkowski was what effect the current litigation by Wisconsin Manufacturers and Commerce (WMC) might have in limiting the states authority to address PFAS contamination under Wisconsin's Spills Law. Senator Felzkowski chose to not answer citing as a reason that until the litigation was complete it would be only speculation as to the effects. More information on the Wisconsin Spills Act has been covered in a Wisconsin Examiner commentary article by Rob Lee of Midwest Environmental Advocates. Decision in WMC toxic spills lawsuit is a win for public health - Wisconsin Examiner
Here is an excerpt. "Thanks to a recent Waukesha County Circuit Court ruling, thousands of Wisconsin residents whose private wells have been contaminated by toxic PFAS chemicals are sleeping a little better knowing they won’t lose access to the bottled water they rely on." So, you can see in the case of Stella or any other town that may encounter PFAS issues how important this litigation is.
Another excerpt. " The ruling is the latest development in a lawsuit filed by Wisconsin Manufacturers and Commerce (WMC), the state’s largest business lobby. WMC sued the DNR in an effort to limit the agency’s ability to investigate PFAS contamination and require responsible parties to clean up contaminated sites. In April, the circuit court sided with WMC, though it agreed to place a temporary stay on the decision in response to concerns that it could endanger public health." Temporary stay because it could endanger public health? Really? One can see that the court has already sided with WMC, and it is only a temporary stay in the decision which leaves current protection tenuously in place.
There is much information for sure to be digested on PFAS and we all can understand how impactful contaminated well water can be to a community such as ours. As stated by Senator Felzkowski " This is just the tip of the iceberg". intimating that Stella will not be the last community to deal with PFAS contamination. On this point most would agree. I would encourage residents to consider what has been presented and do your own research as there are many facets of this particular issue. As always one should share their concerns with elected officials.
January 20, 2023-
OCCWA attended the January19th Stella town hall meeting with the DNR. We hope to have an update shortly. We are sharing the current DNR news release dated January 20, 2023, below for the convenience of those who may be affected.
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: Jan. 20, 2023
Contact: DNR Office of Communications
DNRPress@wisconsin.gov
Editor's Note: The mailing address listed to send alternative water supply agreements was incorrect in the previous release. It has been corrected below.
MADISON, Wis. – The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Department of Health Services (DHS) and Wisconsin Emergency Management (WEM) are taking steps to provide temporary safe drinking water to residents with private wells who are impacted by per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the Town of Stella in Oneida County.
DHS, in cooperation with the DNR, has issued well-specific drinking water advisories for 24 residences in the Town of Stella due to elevated levels of PFAS in their private drinking water wells.
The DNR and DHS are participating in a meeting with town leadership and residents tonight, Jan. 19, at the Town of Stella town hall to provide updates about the PFAS contamination found in some private wells and information about how those residents can access temporary safe drinking water provided by the DNR.
The state is taking the following steps to assist residents with known PFAS contamination in their private drinking water supply access safe water:
To request a temporary alternative water supply from the DNR, please complete an agreement and email it to DNRStellaPFAS@wisconsin.gov or mail it to:
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
c/o Gwen Saliares
625 East County Road Y, STE. 700
Oshkosh, WI 54901
When completing the agreement, residents should indicate if they need a bottom-loading dispenser. Bottom-loading dispensers are generally provided to those who are unable to lift 5-gallon jugs.
Eligible residents who are currently paying for their own bottled-water service should also complete and submit an agreement so the DNR can take over coordination and payments of their service.
Voluntary Sampling of Additional Private Water Supply Wells
The DNR and DHS are evaluating the available information – including existing private sampling results – to develop a sampling plan for additional private water supply wells.
Private well owners are responsible for testing and maintaining their well. Unlike public water systems, private well owners are not required to regularly test their wells or correct water-quality problems. It is the well owner’s choice to decide which test to do and actions to take.
Background Information On PFAS
PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a group of human-made chemicals used for decades in numerous products, including non-stick cookware, fast food wrappers, stain-resistant sprays and certain types of firefighting foam. These contaminants have made their way into the environment through accidental spills of PFAS-containing materials, discharges of PFAS-containing wastewater to treatment plants and certain types of firefighting foams.
PFAS do not break down in the environment and have been discovered at concentrations of concern in groundwater, surface water and drinking water. These chemicals are known to accumulate in the human body, posing several risks to human health including certain cancers, liver damage and decreased fertility. Information about PFAS can also be found on the DNR’s PFAS webpage and on the Wisconsin DHS website.
More information about the current PFAS contamination in the Town of Stella can be found on the Town of Stella website and the DNR website. For email updates on this situation, subscribe to the PFAS Contamination in the Town of Stella topic.
Below is earlier WXPR coverage of Town of Stella PFAS testing
Private well testing in eastern Oneida County reveals extreme levels of PFAS contamination | WXPR
By Eric Rempala
June 25 2022- Recently I attended several DNR zoom meetings pertaining to PFAS. In the recent light of the state of Colorado banning all PFAS from drilling fluids, one of the questions I had posed was are the DNR's approved drilling fluids used for drilling core samples in mining exploration tested physically for PFAS content. The answer I was hoping for was yes, period, end of story. That unfortunately was not the answer I received.
Below is a recent press release out of Langlade County. Also, at the bottom of this piece are links to the Colorado story and the actual DNR PFAS meetings.
" Langlade County: Wisconsin state regulators do not know if chemicals used for mineral exploration drilling and water well construction are free of PFAS State regulators held two meetings June 17, 2022 during which it became clear that no one is testing drilling fluids and well construction aids for PFAS content. Officials from the Wisconsin DNR confirmed they only look at the Safety-Data-Sheets (SDS’s) supplied by the chemical manufacturers themselves as the sole determination of what is in the products. Most of the products are made by oil & gas industry service companies like Halliburton and Schlumberger. If the SDS doesn’t list “PFAS” as an ingredient, the DNR doesn’t look for it.
Because of an exemption known as the “Halliburton loophole” these chemical manufacturers do not need to disclose the exact make-up of their product mixtures. They simply claim that divulging the true ingredient list would jeopardize trade secrecy and give competitors an unfair advantage. Most drilling fluid Safety-Data-Sheets claim the privilege of not disclosing the full ingredient list because of trade secrecy.
There is another inherent problem with the SDS’s that regulators rely on. OSHA has rules guiding what needs to be listed on SDS’s. If a manufacturer determines that the product contains less than 1% of any ingredient they are not required to list those ingredients. Essentially, what gets shown on an SDS is up to the manufacturer’s own discretion. This discretion is what Wisconsin regulators have been relying on for years.
What about product testing? It was confirmed that state regulators like the Department of Health Services and the Department of Natural Resources do not do any testing to confirm what exactly is in the drilling products. No state agencies do testing for PFAS content or testing to confirm the information on the SDS is accurate.
It was also confirmed that the preeminent testing authority in the nation does not test products used for exploration drilling and well construction for PFAS content. The NSF confirmed that they ‘may’ only test for PFAS content if it is one of the listed ingredients on the chemical labeling. Even though there are over 180 drilling products that carry the NSF logo indicating they are allowed to come in contact with drinking water, this full product listing does not include testing for PFAS content.
Since the manufacturers are incentivized to not list the full ingredient list, this eliminates their need to test drilling fluids for full chemical content. Why would an oil & gas industry supplier test their products to determine if they contain PFAS? If found it would be the end of sales for those products. Conversely, if the manufacturers know their products contain PFAS, but they are allowed to not disclose the full ingredient content, why would they list exactly what is in there? If the SDS or the labeling listed PFAS as an ingredient it would be a giant red flag that the product is not safe.
Who is testing products that are used for drilling holes into the water aquifer? Answer: No one.
There isn’t any comprehensive testing occurring to make sure drilling fluids do not contain PFAS. This reveals the major health concern that from the time a hole is drilled in the search for minerals or water, the chances are high this is when the PFAS contamination cycle begins.
Is anyone doing something about this? Not in Wisconsin – yet. However, on June 3, 2022 Colorado decided to move forward with a law that bans the use of drilling fluids that contain PFAS. Going forward; any manufacturer who wants to offer drilling fluids for drilling exploration holes or water well construction, is going to need to prove it first that the products do not contain PFAS. The burden of full chemical content testing and factual certification is on the manufacturer – not the tax-payer. If the manufacturer wants to sell their products in Colorado they are going to have to prove they are free of PFAS.
These developments should serve as a call to action for Wisconsin state regulators and law-makers to follow the lead of Colorado. If Wisconsin wants to get ahead of the seemingly unending emerging PFAS contamination problem, they need to make sure that the chemicals used from day-one of well drilling are not the source of the problem. Wisconsin needs to ban the use of drilling fluids that contain PFAS – right now."
Colorado article
DNR PFAS technical meeting
https://wiseye.org/2022/06/17/pfas-technical-group-meeting-2/
DNR PFAS external advisory group
https://wiseye.org/2022/06/17/pfas-external-advisory-group-2/
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